Nanoparticles in the turbulent flow behind the backward step by Eulerian-Lagrangian method

Document Type : Article

Authors

F‌a‌c‌u‌l‌t‌y o‌f M‌e‌c‌h‌a‌n‌i‌c‌a‌l En‌g‌i‌n‌e‌e‌r‌i‌n‌g S‌h‌a‌h‌i‌d R‌a‌j‌a‌e‌e T‌e‌a‌c‌h‌e‌r T‌r‌a‌i‌n‌i‌n‌g U‌n‌i‌v‌e‌r‌s‌i‌t‌y

Abstract

Turbulent backward step flow, including air and copper nanoparticles, has been simulated using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method by the Eulerian-Lagrangian method. The simulation was done using two- and three-dimensional methods with CFX and FLUENT software. The obtained results were compared with each other and with the experimental results. The two-way coupling discrete phase model (DPM) was used for simulation. The Saffman lift force, pressure gradient, and turbulence effects on nanoparticles are considered. Numerical results obtained with Eulerian-Lagrangian models and single-phase models in steady and transient have been compared with experimental data. The effect of the turbulence model on the trajectory of particles and in terms of different diameters of 10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, and 200 micrometers have been investigated. The effects of particle diameter on the trajectory and behavior of particles and the effect of Stokes number on the presence of particles in the vortex created behind the step have been investigated. The results have been presented as various contours and graphs for two- and three- dimensional, steady, and transient states. Particle trajectories are shown as contours for different Stokes numbers and particle diameters. The continuous phase velocity variation across the channel for different distances of step are presented as graphs. Standard, RNG, and Realizable k-e and standard and SST k-w models are considered for the modeling of turbulent flow. The results show that SST k-w is more accurate than the experimental data. Furthermore, simulation was done using CFX software. Variations of velocity profile are compared with experimental and Fluent data. The results show that the Stokes number and the turbulence model have a significant effect on the trajectory of particles. Three-dimensional modeling of the flow increases the accuracy of the results. The maximum error in the single-phase method is equal to 25% and for the Eulerian-Lagrangian method is equal to 19%. Particles with a Stokes number smaller than 1.2 (equivalent to a diameter of 35 micrometers in this study) sense the presence of the vortex and enter the vortex. Among the turbulence models, the lowest error for the sst model is equal to 6.25, and the highest error for the standard Kε model is equal to 18.75.

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